I've solved this by getting a payment listing of all transactions that have been made from the monetary account, followed by looping over these and matching the amount, description and counter party IBAN.
As Maarten mentioned you are able to fetch the events, which would include that something failed (as well as the reason, eg shortage of money).
However that event does not seem to provide info such that it can be linked to the scheduled payment.
The workaround suffices for my use case, though I do still think that it should be possible to fetch this info (or a payment ID for that matter) by fetching the scheduled payment.