Yes, Stripe tracks a lot of information and uses it to assess subsequent payments, here's an example:
I think this one was caused by a credit card that had been reported as stolen, due to the do_not_honor
code:
First attempt:

Second attempt (Stripe tells it remembered the IP address, a different card and email address were used):

I am glad we never shipped to this person. This almost certainly was a case of fraud.
But there are more ways to get an increased risk evaluation. One thing that worries me a bit with bunq is that is has become too easy to just freeze a card. Too many failed attempts and your risk level will increase, too. I have had this problem when I tried to unsubscribe from a service that ignored my cancellation request and I basically unsubscribed by freezing my card. In that case oftentimes you can only successfully pay when 3D secure is used and it takes weeks before your risk evaluation is back at a normal level. So that's certainly something to be wary of.